Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai

Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai

• Annadurai was born on 15 September 1909 in Kanchipuram (then called Conjeevaram), Tamil Nadu in a lower-middle-class family.
• His father Nataraja Mudaliar was a weaver whereas his mother Bangaru Ammal was a temple servant. His sister Rajamani Ammal.
• Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai was popularly called “Anna”  or “Arignar Anna”.
• He was well known for his oratorical skills and was an acclaimed writer in the Tamil language.
• He was the first politician from the Dravidian parties to use Tamil cinema extensively for political propaganda.

Early Years

• He attended Pachaiyappa's High School, but left school to work as a clerk in the town's Municipal office to assist with the family finances.
• In 1934, he graduated with a B.A. degree from Pachaiyappa's College in Chennai.
• He then earned an MA degree in Economics and Politics from the same college.
• He worked as an English teacher in Pachaiyappa High School.
• Later he quit the teaching job and began involving himself in journalism and politics.

Religion – Anna’s view

• Annadurai would attack superstitions and religious exploitation but would never fight against the spiritual values of society.
• He once explained his stance towards God and religion as "I do not break coconuts for Pillaiyar, (a form of worship) neither do I break his idols".
• He later announced his stance towards theism as "Only one race, Only one God" (Onre Kulam Oruvanae Devan).

Entry into Politics

• Anna’s political career began when he joined the Justice Party in 1935.
• By the time Annadurai joined the Justice party, Periyar E. V. Ramasami was the party president.
• Annadurai served as the sub-editor of the Justice magazine.
• He later became the editor for Viduthalai (Freedom in English) and was also associated with the Tamil weekly paper, Kudi Arasu.

• He started his own journal Dravida Nadu.
• At a rally in Salem under the leadership of Periyar at 1944 August 27, Annadurai passed a resolution and declared that the Justice Party would henceforth be known as the Dravidar Kazhagam.

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

• Annadurai, on 17 September 1949 along with Kudanthai K.K.Neelamegam,  R. Nedunchezhiyan, K. A. Mathiazhagan, N. V. Natarajan called "Aimberum Thalaivargal" (Great Five Leaders) in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK.
• He fought for the social justice of the lower castes and thus rapidly gained popular support.
• In 1953, Annadurai directed the DMK to undertake three protests:
• Condemning Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, for describing the tarring of Hindi letters in railway station boards by DK and DMK activists as "childish nonsense".
• Against  Rajagopalachari (or Rajaji), the then chief minister of Madras State, for introducing a new educational system that indirectly encouraged traditional caste-based occupations called Kula Kalvi Thittam
• Against renaming Kallakkudi, Dalmiyapuram as the name Dalmiyapuram symbolised north Indian domination. Anna was eventually sentenced to three months imprisonment in this protest.

Dravida Nadu

• In 1962, Annadurai said in the Rajya Sabhathat “Dravidians want the right of self-determination ... We want a separate country for southern India”.
• Annadurai and his DMK changed the call of independent Dravida Nadu for Dravidians to independent Tamil Nadu for Tamils.

Anti-Hindi agitations – 1938 and 1965

1938

• Hindi was first recommended to be an apt language for official purposes in India by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru in 1928.
• This move was opposed by people and politicians of Tamil Nadu.
• Annadurai, along with other Tamil enthusiasts including the poet Bharathidasan, held demonstrations.
• Annadurai participated in the first Anti Hindi imposition conference held in Kanchipuram on 27 February 1938.

Madras Anti Hindi agitation of 1965

• In view of continued threat to impose Hindi, the DMK held an open-air conference against Hindi imposition at Kodambakkam, Chennai in August 1960, which Annadurai presided over.
• He gave black flags to leading functionaries, to be shown to the President of India during his visit to the state. Sensing an uprising, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru assured in the Parliament that English would continue to be the official language of India, as long as non-Hindi speaking people desire.

• With no constitutional amendment done, Annadurai declared 26 January 1965, the 15th Republic Day of India and also the day the Constitution, which in essence enshrined Hindi as the official language of India, came into practice, as a day of mourning.
• He also replaced the slogan of the protests to Down with Hindi; Long live the Republic.
• The agitation itself aided DMK to win the 1967 elections and Annadurai became the new Chief Minister of Madras State.

Literary contributions

• He developed a style in Tamil public speaking using metaphors and pleasing alliterations.
• He has published several novels, short stories and plays which incorporate political themes.
• He himself acted in some of his plays during his time in the Dravidar Kazhagam. In total Annadurai scripted six screen plays.
• His first movie was Nallathambi (Good Brother) in 1948.
• His novels such as Velaikaari (Servant Maid, 1949) and Or Iravu (1951), were later made into movies.
• Popular stage and cine actors who stood by Anna in early years were  V. Narayanasamy, K. R. Ramasamy, N. S. Krishnan, S. S. Rajendran, Sivaji Ganesan and M. G. Ramachandran.

• Some of his books had a social approach such as "Arya Mayai" (Aryan Illusion) in which he highlighted the view point of bringing an equal living society regardless of any caste dominance.
• Some of his well-known works are
  • Annavin Sattasabai Sorpolivukal (1960),
  • Ilatchiya varalaru (1948),
  • Valkkaip puyal (Storm of life, 1948) and
  • Rankon radha (Radha from Rangon).
• His works of fiction such as
  • Kapothipura kathal,
  • Parvathy B.A. Kalinga rani and
  • Pavayin payanam

carried elements of political propaganda.

Posts held

• In second general election held in 1957 Anna was elected from his home constituency, Kanchipuram for the first time to the Madras Legislative Assembly. Annadurai became the leader of the opposition in the state.
• In 1962, the DMK emerged as the major political party in the state outside the Congress, winning 50 seats in the Assembly. Although Annadurai himself lost the elections, he was nominated as a member of parliament to the upper house (Rajya Sabha).
• In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.
• DMK formed the government under the leadership of C.N. Annadurai. At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.
• He was served as 1st Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for 20 days in 1969 and fifth, and last Chief Minister of Madras from 1967 until 1969 when the name of the state of Madras was changed to Tamil Nadu.
• He was the first member of a Dravidian party to hold either post.

Achievements

• Annadurai legalised Self-respect marriages for the first time in the country. The law was passed by the Tamil Nadu assembly on November 27, 1967, and was approved by the President on January 17, 1968. This was officially announced in the gazette on January 20, 1968.
• Annadurai was also the first to use subsidising of the price of rice for election victory in 1967. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later.
• The renaming of state as Tamil Nadu was came into effect on 14 January 1969. For the renaming of Tamil Nadu, a resolution was passed in 1967, April 14.
• Anna was instrumental in organizing the World Tamil Conference under the aegies of UNESCO in 1967.
• Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a two language policy (1968, January 23) over the then popular three language formula.
• In 1969 the State government under the leadership of Anna changed its motto, ‘ Satyameva Jayate ’ in Sanskrit in the State emblem to ‘ Vaaimaye Vellum ’ (Truth Alone Triumphs) in Tamil.
• It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Tamil Conference was conducted on on 3 January 1968.
• Sanskrit word “Shree” was changed to “Thiru” by Anna in 1969 for the Government letter transactions.
• In 1969, The Secretariat of Tamilnadu Saint George fort was renamed as “Tamil Nadu Arasu Thalamai Seyalagam” by the state government.

Honour – C.N. Annadurai

• He was awarded the Chubb Fellowship at Yale University in 1968, being the first non-American to receive this honour.
• The same year he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Annamalai University.
• Anna University, a premier institution in science and technology was named after him in 1978.
• DMK's current head office built in 1987 is named after him as Anna Arivalayam.
• One of the major roads in Chennai was named in his honour, (Anna flyover) Anna Salai—it was previously called Mount Road, and a statue of Annadurai now stands there.
• The central government issued a commemorative coin of 5 denomination to mark the centenary celebrations of him on 15 September 2009 in Chennai.
• Once in Yale University, USA, a native speaker of English asked Anna a quirky question: Can you construct a sentence in English by using because three times in it? The instantaneous response from Dr. C. N. Annadurai was: No sentence ends in because, because, because is a conjunction.
• Jawaharlal Nehru hailed him as one of the great parliamentarians for speeches in Rajya Sabha.
• The magazine India Today has listed Annadurai in its "Top 100 people who shaped India by thought, action, art, culture and spirit".
• In 2010 September 15, Anna Centenary Library was established in Chennai in remembrance of Annadurai.

Death

• Anna died on 3 February 1969 at the age of 59.
• His funeral at Rajaji hall in Chennai, had the highest number of attendees until then, as registered with The Guinness Book of Records.
• An estimated 15 million people attended it.

• His remains were buried in the northern end of Marina Beach, which is now called Anna Memorial.

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